This action is one for conspiracy to commit libel and slander.1 It concerns statements that one of the defendants, Jerome Kaplan, allegedly made to a reporter for The Wall Street Journal regarding a stockholder derivative suit he had filed against the plaintiff, Oscar S. Wyatt, Jr. The district court denied the plaintiff discovery and, in an unpublished memorandum and order, dismissed the action for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm.

Oscar Wyatt, a Texas resident, is the Chief Executive Officer of the Coastal Corporation (Coastal), which has its headquarters in Houston. Jerome Kaplan is a lawyer residing in Philadelphia and a Coastal stockholder. On November 5, 1980, Kaplan filed a stockholder derivative suit against Wyatt and Coastal in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint accused Wyatt of various misdeeds injurious to Coastal and included the allegation that Wyatt had "interpositioned himself in numerous ... transactions with the resultant skimming off of substantial amounts of profits which otherwise would have gone to Coastal".2

On the same day, Steven Mufson, a reporter for The Wall Street Journal, telephoned Kaplan and interviewed him about the suit. On November 6, 1980, The Wall Street Journal published a report of the suit. The next day the Journal carried a similar report in its southwestern edition, which is distributed in Texas. To the extent relevant in this defamation action, the two reports were virtually identical, and they read as follows:

NEW YORK-A suit charging Oscar S. Wyatt, Jr., chairman of Coastal Corp. with "skimming off substantial amounts of profits" from the company was filed here yesterday in U.S. District Court....

Jerome Kaplan, a Philadelphia corporate, estate, and tax lawyer with the firm of Abrahams & Loenstein (sic), filed the suit because, he said, he "didn't like what was going on." ...

The suit alleges that Mr. Wyatt "interpositioned himself" in Coastal's exchanges of crude oil and petroleum products on the spot market, keeping a portion of would-be profits for himself.

In addition, the suit charges that Coastal paid $326,266 to Mr. Wyatt for the use of his personal airplane.

Finally, the suit alleges that Mr. Wyatt influenced an ill-advised tanker deal benefiting a company owned predominantly by his son. Mr. Wyatt allegedly helped arrange the sale for $1 million of a Coastal tanker to WJS Shipping Associates, a partnership owned 56% by Clark D. Wyatt. WJS, after repairing the ship, would lease it back to Coastal for $2 million a year.

Wall St.J., Nov. 6, 1980, at 21, col. 1.

On December 9, 1980, Wyatt brought this action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, naming as defendants Kaplan, his law firm, Abrahams & Loewenstein, the lawyers who represented him in the derivative suit, Richard M. Meyer and Melvyn I. Weiss, and their law firm, Milberg, Weiss, Bershad & Specthrie. Subject matter jurisdiction of the case was based on diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). The complaint alleged that Kaplan had "maliciously published to the Wall Street Journal ... false and untrue accusations concerning Wyatt". Specifically, it accused Kaplan of telling Mufson that Wyatt was "skimming off substantial amounts of profits" from Coastal. The other defendants were alleged to have conspired with Kaplan in committing this libel and slander.

On February 9, 1981, the defendants moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2). The next day, Wyatt noticed the depositions of the individual defendants and of three other lawyers, members of the defendant law firms. The defendants moved for a protective order, and the district court deferred the requested depositions pending its disposition of the motion to dismiss. On May 21, 1981, the district court granted the motion to dismiss, and the requested depositions never took place. Wyatt brought this appeal, in which he asserts two grounds for reversal. He argues that the district court committed reversible error both in denying him discovery to develop jurisdictional facts and in finding the evidence justified dismissal. Our resolution of the discovery question is best understood in the light of our analysis of the jurisdictional issue. We therefore consider first whether the evidence before the district court justified dismissal.

Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a federal district court in a diversity case may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant residing outside the state in which it sits only to the extent permitted by state law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(d)(7), (e); Gold Kist, Inc. v. Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Co., 5 Cir. 1980, 623 F.2d 375, 377; Arrowsmith v. United Press International, 2 Cir. 1963, 320 F.2d 219, 222-26 (en banc) (Friendly, J.); 4 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1075 at 131 (1981 Supp.). Compliance with state law, however, is not enough to establish the valid exercise of personal jurisdiction; the federal Constitution must also be considered. Specifically, due process requires the dismissal of a suit against a nonresident defendant unless he has "certain minimum contacts with (the forum) such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice' ". International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 1945, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158, 90 L. Ed. 95, 102 (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 1940, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S. Ct. 339, 342, 85 L. Ed. 278, 283); Hanson v. Denckla, 1958, 357 U.S. 235, 251-54, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 1238-40, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283, 1296-98; Walker v. Newgent, 5 Cir. 1978, 583 F.2d 163, cert. denied, 1979, 441 U.S. 906, 99 S. Ct. 1994, 60 L. Ed. 2d 374. Accordingly, questions of personal jurisdiction generally entail inquiries under both applicable state law and the federal constitution. Product Promotions, Inc. v. Cousteau, 5 Cir. 1974, 495 F.2d 483, 489.

Wyatt seeks to premise personal jurisdiction on the Texas long-arm statute, which authorizes service of process on nonresidents who "engage in business" in Texas, "in any action ... arising out of such business". Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 2031b § 2 (Vernon 1964).3 Specifically, he relies on a provision that defines "doing business" to include "the committing of any tort in whole or in part in this State". Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 2031b, § 4 (Vernon Supp.1982).4 The district court found that Wyatt had not adequately demonstrated the commission of a tort in Texas and concluded that article 2031b was inapplicable. Dismissing the action on this ground, the court did not consider the constitutional question. Although our reasoning differs slightly from that of the district court, we agree with its conclusion and also find it unnecessary to reach the constitutional question.

On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, the plaintiff rather than the movant has the burden of proof. Southwest Offset, Inc. v. Hudco Publishing Co., 5 Cir. 1980, 622 F.2d 149, 152 (per curiam). He need not, however, establish personal jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence; prima facie evidence of personal jurisdiction is sufficient. See Product Promotions, 495 F.2d at 491; Walker v. Newgent, 583 F.2d at 166. Conflicts between the affidavits submitted on the question of personal jurisdiction are thus resolved in favor of the plaintiff. See O'Hare International Bank v. Hampton, 7 Cir. 1971, 437 F.2d 1173, 1176. When, as in this case, personal jurisdiction is predicated on the commission of a tort within the state, of course the jurisdictional question involves some of the same issues as the merits of the case, and the plaintiff must make a prima facie case on the merits to withstand a motion to dismiss under rule 12(b)(2). Jetco Electronic Industries, Inc. v. Gardiner, 5 Cir. 1973, 473 F.2d 1228, 1232. In such a case, of course, it is not enough to establish prima facie that a tort has occurred. Because the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction, see Product Promotions, 495 F.2d at 91, he must also make a prima facie showing that the tort occurred within the state.

Wyatt alleges that when Kaplan spoke to Mufson in the telephone interview, he committed a tort by uttering defamatory statements, specifically the statement about "skimming off substantial amounts of profits". The other defendants purportedly committed torts by conspiring with Kaplan. Wyatt further alleges that the torts occurred "in part" in Texas, where his reputation was damaged when the southwestern edition of The Wall Street Journal republished that language.5 The defendants argue that Kaplan made no defamatory statement to Mufson and that the newspaper article quoted the language in question from the complaint filed in the New York derivative action. Allegations in a complaint filed in a judicial proceeding are privileged, see W. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts § 114, at 778 (4th ed. 1971), and Wyatt does not allege that he was injured in Texas by publication of statements in the complaint.6 His case thus stands or falls with the assertion that the language quoted in the newspaper article originated in Kaplan's telephone interview rather than the complaint.7

Wyatt submitted to the district court no affidavits in support of his position. He did submit copies of the newspaper article itself and a transcript of Kaplan's deposition in the New York derivative action. The relevant parts of the deposition tended to establish that one of the quotes in the article was "essentially" what Kaplan said, that Kaplan may have accused Wyatt of "double-dealing" or something similar in the interview, and that Kaplan considered "double-dealing" synonymous with "skimming off".8 On this basis, Wyatt urged the district court to infer that Kaplan had used the term "skimming off" in the interview. The defendants submitted an affidavit by Mufson, stating that he wrote the article, that the reference to "skimming off" substantial amounts of profits in the article was taken from the complaint in the derivative suit, and that Kaplan had not made the quoted statement to him.9 Based on this evidence, the district court found that Wyatt had not discharged his burden. The court noted that the New York complaint contained language identical to that in the newspaper article and found that the article itself purported to quote the complaint, not the interview with Kaplan.10 The court also pointed out that the Kaplan deposition was ambiguous and could be read consistently with the Mufson affidavit. The district court therefore concluded that Wyatt did not make a prima facie case that Kaplan had uttered any defamation to Mufson.

We agree that Wyatt has not made the necessary showing, although we take an alternate route in reaching this conclusion. We find, as did the district court, that Kaplan's deposition can be harmonized with Mufson's affidavit. But we also find that the deposition, taken alone, might suggest the inferences that Wyatt urges. Even if we draw all these inferences, however, and disregard the conflicting assertions of the affidavit, see p. 5, we still conclude that Wyatt has not made a prima facie case that any tort was committed, even in part, in Texas.

The newspaper article, as the district court found, unmistakably attributes the language in question to the complaint.11 Since the complaint did contain the "skimming off" language, we have no reason to doubt this attribution. Thus, even assuming that Kaplan used identical language in the interview, there is no evidence that this oral statement was republished in Texas. Wyatt relies entirely on the newspaper article for the republication element of his case, and the article unambiguously refutes his position.

We do not understand Wyatt to argue that the privilege accorded the allegations in the complaint, or The Wall Street Journal 's republication of them, may be defeated by Kaplan's uttering similar, nonprivileged, allegations to Mufson. Such an argument would find no support in precedent or policy and would, if accepted, unreasonably impair the privilege as it is now recognized. Wyatt argues only that the "skimming off" statement was in fact quoted from the telephone interview, and his own evidence unmistakably contradicts this argument. Because the article did indeed quote the complaint, we need not decide whether the privilege accorded the allegations in the complaint might extend to Kaplan's extrajudicial assertion of similar or identical allegations. See note 6. We thus intimate no view whether Wyatt would have a cause of action if he could show that Kaplan, in his interview with Mufson, accused him of "skimming off substantial amounts of profits". We hold only that for purposes of establishing publication in Texas, it is not enough to show that similar, or even identical, allegations from a privileged source were published there.12

We conclude that Wyatt has not made a prima facie case for the assertion of personal jurisdiction. Restricting our consideration to the evidence he submitted, we hold that he failed to discharge his burden of showing that some part of a tort occurred in Texas.13 We now turn to the question whether he was improperly denied the opportunity to develop evidence that might have required a different outcome.

Wyatt contends that the district court committed reversible error by dismissing his suit without permitting any discovery. Even if he did not make a prima facie case on the question of personal jurisdiction, he argues, discovery might have produced the necessary prima facie evidence, and the district court therefore erred in granting the defendants a protective order. It is unfair and illogical, according to Wyatt, to require that he shoulder the burden of coming forward with evidence of jurisdiction while denying him the opportunity to develop that evidence. Although Wyatt's arguments are persuasive as general propositions, they do not require reversal in this case, because the discovery Wyatt requested would not have produced evidence supporting his case on jurisdiction.

Discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is broad in scope. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(1); id. advisory committee note. Courts do not generally grant protective orders without a strong showing of "good cause". 4 J. Moore & J. Lucas, Moore's Federal Practice P 26.69 at 26-494 to 26-495 (2d ed. 1982); 8 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2035 at 264-65 (1970). Orders prohibiting discovery by deposition are particularly disfavored. 8 Wright & Miller § 2037 at 272 (1970). When a defendant challenges personal jurisdiction, courts generally permit depositions confined to the issues raised in the motion to dismiss. Id., § 2009 at 52-54; 4A Moore's Federal Practice P 30.53(5). In an appropriate case, we will not hesitate to reverse a dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction, on the ground that the plaintiff was improperly denied discovery. E.g., Skidmore v. Syntex Laboratories, 5 Cir. 1976, 529 F.2d 1244, 1248-49; Littlejohn v. Shell Oil Co., 5 Cir. 1973, 483 F.2d 1140, 1143-46 (en banc), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1116, 94 S. Ct. 849, 38 L. Ed. 2d 743. When, as in this case, the jurisdictional question intertwines with the merits of the case, see p. 5, some discovery on the merits may be necessary, and general discovery may be permitted. 4 Moore's Federal Practice P 26.70(2) at 26-520.14

The district court, however, has broad discretion in all discovery matters. Stewart v. Winter, 5 Cir. 1982, 669 F.2d 328, 331; Pan-Islamic Trade Corp. v. Exxon Corp., 5 Cir. 1980, 632 F.2d 539, 550, cert. denied, 1981, 454 U.S. 927, 102 S. Ct. 427, 70 L. Ed. 2d 236. The decision not to permit depositions on a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is specifically one for the trial court's discretion, and "(s)uch discretion will not be disturbed ordinarily unless there are unusual circumstances showing a clear abuse". Associated Metals & Minerals Corp. v. S. S. Geert Howaldt, 5 Cir. 1965, 348 F.2d 457, 459; see also Lehigh Valley Industries, Inc. v. Birenbaum, 2d Cir. 1975, 527 F.2d 87, 93-95. In the present case, the district court acted well within the boundaries of sound discretion.

The scope of permissible discovery is limited by the requirement of relevance, although relevance is broadly defined in the context of discovery. It is not error to deny discovery when there is no issue of material fact. Poirier v. Carson, 5 Cir. 1976, 537 F.2d 823. Similarly, the court may decide the merits of a case before discovery is completed, if the material to be discovered would not "have contained evidence ... or led to the discovery of evidence raising material questions of fact". Citizens for a Better St. Clair County v. James, 5 Cir. 1981, 648 F.2d 246, 252. Discovery on matters of personal jurisdiction, therefore, need not be permitted unless the motion to dismiss raises issues of fact. See H. L. Moore Drug Exchange, Inc. v. Smith, Kline & French Laboratories, 2 Cir. 1967, 384 F.2d 97 (per curiam). When the lack of personal jurisdiction is clear, discovery would serve no purpose and should not be permitted. See 4 Moore's Federal Practice P 26.69 at 26-504; Note, Discovery of Jurisdictional Facts, 59 Va.L.Rev. 533, 546 (1973). Accordingly, this Court affirms denials of discovery on questions of personal jurisdiction in cases where the discovery sought "could not have added any significant facts". Washington v. Norton Manufacturing, Inc., 5 Cir. 1979, 588 F.2d 441, 447, cert. denied, 442 U.S. 942, 99 S. Ct. 2886, 61 L. Ed. 2d 313.15 This is such a case.

Wyatt asserts two theories under which discovery might have helped him establish personal jurisdiction. He contends, first, that the requested depositions would have bolstered his position that Kaplan made the "skimming off" remark to Mufson,16 and second, that discovery might have produced evidence of the defendants' additional contacts with Texas. The first argument, of course, relies on a premise we rejected in Part I of this opinion: even if discovery established that Kaplan made the remark, there is no evidence that it was published in Texas. Wyatt does not assert, and could not, plausibly, that discovery would produce evidence refuting the unmistakable purport of the newspaper article that the "skimming off" language came from the complaint rather than the interview. Wyatt's other argument is no more persuasive, because the existence, if established, of the defendants' additional contacts with Texas is irrelevant to the question of personal jurisdiction in this case.

The Texas Supreme Court has said that the state's long-arm statute, on which Wyatt relies, establishes personal jurisdiction to the full extent permitted by due process. U-Anchor Advertising, Inc. v. Burt, Tex. 1977, 553 S.W.2d 760, 762, cert. denied, 1978, 434 U.S. 1063, 98 S. Ct. 1235, 55 L. Ed. 2d 763. And in some cases, those in which a nonresident defendant's contacts with the forum are "continuous and systematic", due process permits the assertion of personal jurisdiction on the basis of contacts unrelated to the cause of action. Perkins v. Benguet Consolidated Mining Co., 1952, 342 U.S. 437, 445, 72 S. Ct. 413, 418, 96 L. Ed. 485; see also Bankhead Enterprises, Inc. v. Norfolk and Western Railway Co., 5 Cir. 1981, 642 F.2d 802. But the Texas long-arm statute by its terms applies only in causes of action "arising out of" contacts with Texas. Tex.Rev.Stat.Ann. art. 2031b, § 3 (Vernon 1964). And this Court has recently given effect to this limitation, holding that article 2031b does not establish personal jurisdiction of a defendant who commits a tort entirely outside Texas, although he may otherwise be "doing business" in Texas within the meaning of article 2031b. Prejean v. Sonatrach, 5 Cir. 1981, 652 F.2d 1260, 1265-68; see also Placid Investments, Ltd. v. Girard Trust Bank, 5 Cir. 1981, 662 F.2d 1176. The Prejean opinion pointed out that the broad language of the Texas Supreme Court in U-Anchor "directly addressed only the meaning of 'doing business' in the context of whether it is coextensive with the constitutional confines of due process" and that the cause of action in that case in fact arose out of the defendant's contacts with Texas. Id. at 1265-66.17 We are aware of no case in which a Texas court has held article 2031b applicable to a defendant whose contacts with Texas did not give rise to the cause of action, see id. at 1266 n.8, and at least one Texas appellate court has approved the requirement in dictum, e.g., Siskind v. The Villa Foundation for Education, Tex.App. 1981, 624 S.W.2d 803, 807, writ granted. Even if discovery established that the defendants in this case have additional, presently unknown, contacts with Texas, this showing would not avail in Wyatt's effort to bring the defendants within article 2031b.18

Dismissal of this case for lack of personal jurisdiction was appropriate. The plaintiff relied on the Texas long-arm statute and the theory that the defendants committed torts with effects in Texas, but his own evidence contradicted this theory. That evidence also established that the motion to dismiss entailed no dispute concerning material facts. Discovery would therefore not have advanced the plaintiff's position on the jurisdictional issue, and the district court did not abuse its discretion in disposing of the case without allowing the parties the benefits of discovery.

The order of the district court is AFFIRMED.